Fig. 1

Fracture categorisation was modified based on the facial thirds: In the upper third (blue), are included the skull base, orbital roof, calvaria, and frontal sinus. The middle third (red) covers central midface fractures, such as LeFort I and II, the naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) complex, and nasal bone fractures; centro-lateral midface at the LeFort III level, and lateral midface fractures as the zygoma; fractures isolated to the orbit as well as dental injuries are listed separately. The lower third (green) includes fractures of the mandible. It is possible for a single patient to suffer from multiple types of fractures